Ovarian cystectomy

Ovarian Cystectomy – Overview

Ovarian Cystectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove one or more ovarian cysts while preserving the healthy ovarian tissue. It is commonly used to treat cysts that are large, persistent, symptomatic, or potentially harmful. This fertility-sparing surgery can be done using laparoscopic (minimally invasive) or open surgery, depending on the size and complexity of the cyst.

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form on or within an ovary. Most are harmless and resolve on their own, but some can cause pain, hormonal imbalances, or complications like rupture or ovarian torsion. Ovarian cystectomy offers a safe and effective way to treat such cases while maintaining ovarian function.

What Is an Ovarian Cyst?

An ovarian cyst is a small sac filled with fluid or semi-solid material. It can form inside or on the surface of one or both ovaries. While many ovarian cysts are benign and asymptomatic, others may cause discomfort, menstrual irregularities, or fertility issues. Regular gynecological checkups are essential to monitor and manage ovarian health.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

• Functional Cysts (most common, related to ovulation):
  • Follicular Cysts: Occur when a follicle fails to release an egg.
  • Corpus Luteum Cysts: Form after the follicle releases an egg and fails to dissolve.
• Other Types:
  • Dermoid Cysts (Teratomas): Contain tissue like skin or hair.
  • Cystadenomas: Develop on the surface of the ovary and may grow large.
  • Endometriomas: Filled with menstrual blood, associated with endometriosis.
  • Ovarian Cancer Cysts: Solid masses that may be malignant, especially post-menopause.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Some cysts may not cause noticeable symptoms. When they do, symptoms can include:

• Pelvic pain or discomfort
• Lower abdominal bloating or heaviness
• Pain during intercourse
• Irregular or painful menstrual cycles
• Frequent urination or difficulty with bowel movements
• Difficulty conceiving (in PCOS or endometriosis)

Causes and Risk Factors

Causes:

• Ovulation-related hormonal changes
• Endometriosis
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
• Pelvic infections (PID)
• Abnormal cell growth (e.g., dermoid or mucinous cysts)

Risk Factors:

• Age (more common before menopause)
• Pregnancy
• Previous ovarian cysts
• Hormonal disorders
• Use of fertility medications

Possible Complications

While most ovarian cysts are harmless, complications can include:

• Cyst Rupture: Can cause severe pain or internal bleeding.
• Ovarian Torsion: Twisting of the ovary that may cut off blood supply.
• Infertility: Especially with endometriomas or PCOS.
• Ovarian Cancer: Rare, but more likely after menopause.

Seek immediate medical help if you experience sudden, severe abdominal pain, fainting, or signs of internal bleeding.

Treatment – Ovarian Cystectomy

If a cyst is large, persistent, or causing significant symptoms, ovarian cystectomy is recommended. The procedure may be performed via:

• Laparoscopy – Minimally invasive, faster recovery, minimal scarring
• Laparotomy – Open surgery for large or potentially cancerous cysts

The goal is to remove the cyst while preserving ovarian tissue and maintaining reproductive potential when possible.

When to See a Doctor

Consult your gynecologist if you experience:

• Persistent pelvic pain
• Irregular or painful periods
• Difficulty conceiving
• Sudden, severe abdominal pain or fainting (possible cyst rupture or torsion)